CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN - CPTED PROGRAM MANUAL, V 3B - CPTED TECHNICAL GUIDELINES IN SUPPORT OF THE ANALYTIC METHODS HANDBOOK

• NCJ Number: 45751
• Author(s): I R KOHN; R M LOCASSO; A DUBNIKOV
• Date Published: 1977
• Length: 415 pages
• Contract Number(s): J-LEAA-022-74
• Sponsoring Agency: US Dept of Justice
• Corporate Author: Westinghouse Electric Corporation
• Sale Source: National Institute of Justice/
• Publication Type: Program/Project Evaluation
• Language: English
• Country: United States of America

Annotation

PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTING AND ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA, CONDUCTING BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION STUDIES, AND ASSESSING FEAR TOWARDS CRIME ARE DESCRIBED. SURVEYS, ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EVALUATION GUIDES ARE EXAMINED.

Abstract

THE GUIDELINE PERTAINING TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHODS IS WRITTEN FOR INDIVIDUALS WORKING IN THE GENERAL AREAS OF PLANNING, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, OR RELATED MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. METHODS FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT ARE DISCUSSED, AND EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON ANALYTIC AND EVALUATIVE PROCEDURES. THE CRIME/ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THESE EXAMINATIONS OF ASSESSMENT METHODS. THE GUIDELINE IS ORGANIZED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS: (1) OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM RESIDENTS, POLICE, AND OTHER COMMUNITY MEMBERS; (2) CONSTRUCTING AND INTERPRETING CRIME/ENVIRONMENTAL MAPS; (3) COLLECTING DATA THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRE SCALES, AND CHARTING AND USING THE GATHERED DATA; (4) UNDERSTANDING AND USING THE OPPORTUNITY, TARGET, RISK, EFFORT, AND PAYOFF (OTREP) MODEL; AND (5) CONSTRUCTING AND IMPLEMENTING SECURITY SURVEYS. THE SECOND GUIDELINE DEALS WITH BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION METHODS USEFUL FOR CPTED AND CONTAINS A SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF TECHNIQUES, ISSUES, AND PROBLEMS. A CPTED ANALYST NEEDS TO OBSERVE BEHAVIOR IN ITS NATURAL SETTING WITHOUT THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE OBSERVED PERSONS. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION METHODS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE ETHICS OF OBSERVATION ARE CONSIDERED. PROCEDURAL STEPS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR OBSERVATION ARE OUTLINED, ALONG WITH DATA EVALUATION TECHNIQUES. PUBLIC REACTION TO CRIME, ESPECIALLY FEAR OF CRIME, IS CONSIDERED IN THE NEXT GUIDELINE. THE RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY REQUIRED TO MEASURE ATTITUDES TOWARD CRIME ARE EXAMINED IN THE FIRST SECTION, AND THE METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENT AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO FEAR OF CRIME IS ANALYZED IN THE SECOND. THE LIMITS AND MERITS OF VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS ARE DISCUSSED, AND PROCEDURAL GUIDANCE IN UNDERTAKING SUCH SURVEYS IS PROVIDED. THE DISCUSSION IS BASED PRIMARILY ON A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE DEALING WITH EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE KINDS OF SURVEYS. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED WHICH ARE USEFUL FOR SUMMARIZING AND INTERPRETING NUMERICAL DATA. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN OF WAYS TO ORGANIZE AND PRESENT DATA. THE GUIDELINE INTRODUCES STATISTICAL PROCEDURES FOR DESCRIBING NUMERICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SET OF DATA, METHODS FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES AND COMPARING POPULATION SAMPLES, AND PRINCIPLES FOR USING SAMPLING METHODS. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND RELATED MEASUREMENT ISSUES ARE CONSIDERED. THE FINAL GUIDELINE DETAILS DECISION AIDS AND CPTED EVALUATIVE CRITERIA AND EXAMINES THEIR EFFECTIVENESS. TABLES AND CHARTS ARE PROVIDED THROUGHOUT THE TEXT, AND REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED AT THE END OF GUIDELINE SECTIONS. FOR VOLUMES 1, 2, AND 3A, SEE NCJ 45748-45750. (DAG)