NCJ Number
248178
Journal
British Journal of Criminology Volume: 54 Issue: 5 Dated: September 2014 Pages: 946-967
Date Published
September 2014
Length
22 pages
Annotation
Findings from the All Wales Hate Crime Project address the psychological and physical impacts of hate crime across seven victim types, drawing on quantitative and qualitative data.
Abstract
The available police data indicate there were 43,927 hate crimes recorded in England and Wales in 2012-13 (approximately 1 percent of recorded crime). Victims of hate crimes related to the victim's race accounted for the majority of this total, followed by religious hate crimes, disability hate crimes, and homophobic hate crimes. Qualitative evidence on the impact of these crimes was obtained from hate-victim interviews. Most striking was the near unanimous mention of suicidal ideation among victims of transgender hate crime. Social isolation was another consequence of hate crimes, as victims developed a fear of being associated with groups that had become targets of hate incidents. Both transgender and disabled hate-crime victims reported the highest levels of repeat victimization (50 percent and 48 percent, respectively). Victims of violent hate crimes were significantly more likely to suffer both psychological impacts and physical reactions. Criminal justice factors seem to have had the least effect on both psychological and physical impacts of hate crime. Future research should further explore criminal justice responses to hate crime and how better responses might minimize post-event impacts. 4 tables and 50 references