Reassessing the Lifestyle Model of Criminal Victimization (From Positive Criminology, P 23-42, 1987, Michael R Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, eds. -- See NCJ 107372)

• NCJ Number: 107374
• Author(s): J Garofalo
• Date Published: 1987
• Length: 20 pages
• Sale Source: Sage Publications, Inc
• Publication Type: Report (Study/Research)
• Language: English
• Country: United States of America

Annotation

This paper reviews the lifestyle victimization model and a similar model (the routine activity approach), considers criticisms of the model, reports on research pertinent to the model, and proposes a modified lifestyle model based on the research.

Abstract

The initial lifestyle model holds that lifestyles are formed through adaptations to role expectations and structural constraints, and different lifestyles embody different types of associations and levels of exposure, which affect the risk of victimization. The model applies only to direct-contact predatory crimes. Criticisms of the model are that it is true by definition and that it encourages ex post facto explanations of victimization. A variety of types of empirical studies conducted since the lifestyle model was published in 1978 have produced findings consistent with the lifestyle model. Some findings, however, suggest ways in which the model should be modified. The modified model shows structural constraints as having effects on associations and exposure not mediated through lifestyle, and it includes reactions to crime as a factor that affects exposure and associations both directly and through lifestyle. Target attractiveness and individual differences have direct effects on victimization risk in the modified model. Policy implications of the model are discussed. 2 figures.