NCJ Number
86342
Date Published
1981
Length
55 pages
Annotation
This discussion of probation in the United Kingdom considers law enforcement and the administration of justice as well as the organization and working methods of the probation system.
Abstract
There are three distinct criminal justice systems within the United Kingdom, there being separate legislation for Scotland and for Northern Ireland than for England and Wales. The general philosophies underlying the systems are similar, however. A fundamental principle is that the burden of proof rests with the prosecution, so that a defendant is presumed innocent until guilt is proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Discretion exists at all levels. The police are expected to prevent crime as well as to enforce the law, and the courts seek to dispense individualized justice, as they seek a balance of punishment, reparation, and rehabilitation in the context of the nature and circumstances of the offense as well as those of the offender. In cases involving juveniles, considerable emphasis is given to the care of the offender. The Probation and Aftercare Service in England and Wales as well as Northern Ireland, along with the Scottish social work departments, have developed in recent years from being purely court-based services providing information about services for offenders in the community and casework supervision to an institution providing a wide range of community-based alternatives to custody. Great emphasis is still placed on casework and the resources of the relationship between the probation officer and the client. A significant development has been the introduction of schemes of community service, whereby probationers engage in supervised work for the benefit of the community. Day care is also provided; this includes educational and vocational training services. Drug and alcohol centers also serve probationers needing such services. Key addresses and sentencing data for 1973-79 are provided.