NCJ Number
94301
Journal
Prison Journal Volume: 64 Issue: 1 Dated: (Spring/Summer 1984) Pages: 15-36
Date Published
1984
Length
22 pages
Annotation
This article examines the history of discrimination against female inmates and explores the impact of feminism on current prison operations. It uses Bedford Hills, New York's only high-security facility for women, to illustrate the social context of prison changes regarding women.
Abstract
Up to the 18th century, the treatment of women tended to be both sexist and brutal. From 1870 to 1930, women's institutions grew in number. Their philosophy emphasizd restoring virtue and socializing inmates in conventional sex roles, while custodial prisons urged strict discipline and work. Women considered 'masculine' were more often sent to custodial prisons probably because they did not conform to contemporary stereotypes. Women's prisons have changed little since; they still reflect stereotypical sex roles, notwithstanding the efforts of early feminists to help the less serious female offender. Bedford Hills offered few vocational or academic programs for women inmates during the early 1970's. But prison reforms, such as liberalizing visiting restrictions, brought more contact with male prisoners and civilian volunteers that created an impetus for change. Women's demands escalated as they became more politicized. Radical feminists and other outsiders played a major role in the new attitude. Despite greater opportunity to participate in prison decisionmaking and the institution of grievance procedures, inmate resentment remained, coalescing around two problems -- overcrowding and security procedures. By 1980, prison management was moving toward more equal treatment of men and women, mainly to maintain order. Outside volunteers played a major role in supporting inmates' desire to be treated as adults, in turn promoting prisoner self-help groups. However, the move toward equal treatment for women may result in more coercion. Fourteen references are included.